binfalse

Yesterday I updated the iso2l. One of the improvements is the MS mode, now it’s able to display isotopic clusters as expected by MS instruments instead of only theoretical ones. The task was to estimate a normal distribution of a theoretical isotope peak.

The accuracy of a mass spectrometry (MS) instrument is determined by its resolution. The higher the resolution the easier you can distinguish between two peaks. This is essential especially to identify isotopes. Depending on the charge state of an ion two isotopes may differ in less than 0.1 mass over charge (m/z). To detect the resolution of your MS instrument just select one peak and measure the width of the peak at the half height of it. This expression is called \(FWHM\) (full width at half maximum). The resolution \(R\) is calculated by the following equation:

So you see the resolution respects the characteristics of MS instruments that peaks at higher m/z are wider.

Now we want to go the other way around. We have an theoretical mass of an peak and want to estimate a mass distribution as measured by an instrument. These distributions look like normal distributions, so it’s obvious that we want to estimate a Gaussian \(\mathcal{N}(\mu,\,\sigma^2)\):

It’s clear that \(\mu = m/z\) of the Peak, but we have to find sigma to have the distribution half-maximum at \(\mu \pm \frac{1}{2} FWHM\). Since the normalization term \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma^2}}\) doesn’t matter in this case, the formula simplifies to \(\mathcal{N}(\mu,\,\sigma^2) = e^{ -\frac{(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2} }\,\) with its maximum of 1 at \(\mu\). As you know \(\sigma\) isn’t affected if we move all data points by a distinct value, so let’s move them by \(-\mu\). Now the distribution has its mean at 0. The equation we have to solve is:

You see, the half-maximum is at \(\pm\sigma\sqrt{2\ln2}\), with \(FWHM=2\sigma\sqrt{2\ln2}\). Reverse, given the \(FWHM\) we can calculate \(\sigma\) of the normal distribution with:

Combining everything, a peak at m/z in an instrument with resolution \(R\) can be approximated with a normal distribution \(\mathcal{N}(\mu,\,\sigma^2)\) with parameters:

You see, the higher the m/z the bigger is \(\sigma\).

This might be interesting for non-X fans like me. I just found a nice way to plot to a simple terminal.

Using gnuplot you can enable terminal plots via set term dumb . Here is an example:

gnuplot> set term dumb
Terminal type set to 'dumb'
Options are 'feed  size 79, 24'
gnuplot> plot [0:6.3] sin(x)

     1 ++---------+--*******-+---------+----------+----------+----------+-++
       +          ***       ***        +          +          sin(x) ****** |
   0.8 ++        *            ***                                         ++
       |       **               **                                         |
   0.6 ++    **                   *                                       ++
       |    *                      **                                      |
   0.4 ++  *                         *                                    ++
       |  *                           **                                   |
   0.2 +**                             *                                  ++
     0 **                               **                                +*
       |                                 **                               *|
  -0.2 ++                                  *                             **+
       |                                   **                           *  |
  -0.4 ++                                    *                        **  ++
       |                                      **                      *    |
  -0.6 ++                                       *                  ***    ++
       |                                         **               **       |
  -0.8 ++                                         ***            *        ++
       +          +          +         +          + ***      +***       +  |
    -1 ++---------+----------+---------+----------+---********----------+-++
       0          1          2         3          4          5          6

Very cool idea, isn’t it!? Ok, you can’t see much details, it might give you an overview even if you are just connected via SSH.

If anybody has an idea how to do it with R please tell me!

Some time ago I’ve heard about MathJax and decided to integrate it to my blog. Short time later everything was forgotten, but a few days ago I read an article and remembered my plan. So here it is ;-)

Up to now a mathematical formula was converted to an image like this:

There are some disadvantages, for example you can’t align a number of lines by the equal sign. And also the integration into continuous text is terrible, as you can see in the following sum: .
Different images have different baselines: vs . This will destroy any line spacings and it depends on the browser what you see if you zoom into the website.

Here is the same Text rendered with MathJax (you need to have JavaScript enabled so see a difference)

There are some disadvantages, for example you can’t align a number of lines by the equal sign. And also the integration into continuous text is terrible, as you can see in the following sum: \(\sum i = 5\). Different images have different baselines: \(i=\circ\) vs \(p=\circ\). This will destroy any line spacings and it depends on the browser what you see if you zoom into the website.

So you see, MathJax remedies these issues. Simple latex code is rendered into web compatible math symbols. That is done via JavaScript, so your browser has some more to do, but I think in times of Web2.0 it’s negligible. And it’s also mark-able, so you can copy & paste! But what if a visitor is browsing w/o JS? I implemented my version with a fallback to these images. So if you disable JS you’ll see pure output of WP-LaTeX.

I’m actually very busy, so there is no time to create and maintain an official WP-Plugin, but I can offer a How to, so you can handiwork.

How to?

This instruction is for WP-LaTeX version 1.7. Add a comment if you want an update for a newer version.

First of all you have to download MathJax, you’ll get it here. I installed a copy into WP_PATH/wp-content/plugins/ . Now log into you admin panel and install the plugin WP-LaTeX.

If this is done, cd to your plugin directory. The only file you have to edit is wp-latex/wp-latex.php . Since we won’t destroy the original functionality, we will continue creating images. So no need to delete anything. But if JS is enabled, the images should be replaced by MathJax-code. How do we find out whether JS is available!? We take JS to replace the images. So if it’s not enabled, the images won’t be replaced ;-)

Since the MathJax library contains very much JS, we will only load the MathJax-stuff if we need it. Most of the article don’t require latex, it’s a waste of resources if we load the library nevertheless. We introduce a new variable loadMathJax , indicating whether we need MathJax. Have a look at the code and search for function wp_head() { . This function still contains some style stuff, we only need to append some JS code:

function wp_head() {
	if ( !$this->options['css'] )
		return;
	?>
	<style type="text/css">
	/* <![CDATA[ */
	<?php echo $this->options['css']; ?>

	/* ]]> */
	</style>
	// -> our code start
	<script type="text/javascript">
	var loadMathJax = false;
	</script>
	// -> our code end
	<?php

loadMathJax is false by default, we don’t always need MathJax libs. That was nothing exciting, here comes the intelligence. You’ll also find a function called shortcode . This function is responsible for image creation, here is the code that is send to your browser:

$latex_object = $this->latex( $latex, $atts['background'], $atts['color'], $atts['size'] );

$url = clean_url( $latex_object->url );
$alt = attribute_escape( is_wp_error($latex_object->error) ? $latex_object->error->get_error_message() . ": $latex_object->latex" : $latex_object->latex );

return "<img src='$url' alt='$alt' title='$alt' class='latex' />";

Nice, isn’t it!? We now need to add some piece of code to replace this image with MathJax source code. We change the code to append a small JS:

$latex_object = $this->latex( str_replace("&", "", $latex), $atts['background'], $atts['color'], $atts['size'] );

$url = clean_url( $latex_object->url );
$alt = attribute_escape( is_wp_error($latex_object->error) ? $latex_object->error->get_error_message() . ": $latex_object->latex" : $latex_object->latex );

$id = "latex".md5($url.microtime ());
$start = "\$";
$end = "\$";
if ($latex[strlen($latex)-1] == ",")
{
	$start = "\\\\begin{align}";
	$end = "\\\\end{align}";
}
$mathjaxcode = "<script type='text/javascript'>
if (document.createElement && document.getElementById){
	loadMathJax = true;
	var img = document.getElementById('" . $id . "');
	if (img){
		var tex = document.createTextNode(\"" . $start . str_replace("\\", "\\\\", $latex) . $end . "\");
		img.parentNode.replaceChild(tex, img)
	}
};
</script>";

return "<img src='$url' alt='$alt' title='$alt' class='latex' id='" . $id . "'/>".$mathjaxcode;

Ok, let me shortly explain this. First we have to replace all & in the latex code that is parsed to an image (line 1). There is a small issue with this WP-LaTeX plugin. You can’t align multiple lines, & isn’t allowed. To nevertheless create multiline MathJax formulas this workaround is my resort. In line 6 I create a random id, so we can call this specific element by just naming it’s id. I additionally defined a tailing , as indicator for multiple lines. You just have to add e.g. \, (a small space) to the end of the last line, and this code expects multiple lines. It will be centered in the line and all & are aligned. After wards the piece of JS follows. You don’t have to understand it, it just looks for an image with the specified id and replaces it with LaTeX-code. It additionally sets the variable loadMathJax to true . Once an image is replaced this variable gets true! If no image will be replaced it will always stay false.

Last but not least the browser has to load the libraries. Since we want to know whether there is LaTeX-code in this side we can’t load it early in the header section. We have to evaluate loadMathJax in the footer section. Add the following to the init () function:

add_action( 'wp_footer', array( &$this, 'wp_footer' ) );

And append a new function to the end of the class:

function wp_footer ()
{
	?>
	<script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
	MathJax.Hub.Config({
		showProcessingMessages: false,
			messageStyle: "none",
			extensions: ["tex2jax.js", "TeX/AMSmath.js", "TeX/AMSsymbols.js"],
			jax: ["input/TeX", "output/HTML-CSS"],
				tex2jax: {
					inlineMath: [ ['$','$'], ["\\(","\\)"] ],
					displayMath: [ ['$$','$$'], ["\\[","\\]"] ],
					multiLine: true
				},
			"HTML-CSS": { availableFonts: ["TeX"] }
	});
	</script>
	<script type="text/javascript">
	if (loadMathJax)
	{
		var head= document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0];
		var script= document.createElement('script');
		script.type= 'text/javascript';
		script.src="/wp-content/plugins/MathJax/MathJax.js";
		head.appendChild(script);
	}
	</script>

	<?php
}

The first script section adds the MathJax configuration to the page. Take a look at the documentation to learn more. The second script appends a new DOM node to the head section via JS. If and only if loadMathJax is true and JS is available. If you installed MathJax to a directory different to WP_PATH/wp-content/plugins/ you have to edit the script.src line.

This should work, at least for me ;-) Right-click to these mathematical formulas and choose Settings -> Zoom Trigger -> Click, and each time you click on a formula you’ll see a zoomed version. Very smart I think!

Btw. even if it sounds like I’m arguing about this image variant, I’m not! It’s a very good method and the displayed formula is the same in every browser. Even Wikipedia uses this technique.

Here is a nice last example, based on the sample of WP-LaTeX:

Here is the code for the above formula:

\displaystyle P_\nu^{-\mu}(z)&=\frac{\left(z^2-1\right)^{\frac{\mu}{2}}}{2^\mu \sqrt{\pi}\Gamma\left(\mu+\frac{1}{2}\right)}\int_{-1}^1\frac{\left(1-t^2\right)^{\mu -\frac{1}{2}}}{\left(z+t\sqrt{z^2-1}\right)^{\mu-\nu}}dt\\&=a^2+\pi\cdot x_\infty\\&\approx42\,

Go out, produce smart looking, intelligent web pages! Looking forward to read some scientific articles at your websites!

We have some specialists in our admin staff, only able to administrate LDAP via phpLDAPadmin. But for several days the connection to the LDAP servers was read-only. It took some time to figure out why.

The configuration in /etc/phpldapadmin/config.php is very extensive, so I always ignored the failure in the following line:

$servers->setValue ('server', 'read_only', 'false');

Do you find the crap? If I comment it out the session isn’t read-only anymore. First we thought of a bug and I started to check the source code, but some more considerations let me have an idea. You might know PHP (like some other languages) interprets everything that is not empty or false explicitly as to be true. So 'hello' , 'true' and 'false' are all true ;-)

Don’t know who inserted this line, but sometimes (or generally?) you just work to correct the work of somebody else…

Again I installed a new kernel and again X isn’t able to start. Of course the last time I installed the proprietary NVIDIA driver I downloaded it to /tmp , and curiously it’s lost! The funny NVIDIA website is so damn incompatible, you need to have JavaScript or Flash or both to find your driver, no chance to get the driver with e.g. lynx from command line… So you need to have another running system to download the driver and secure copy it, or you need to reboot into the old kernel. (nonstop swearing at proprietary smut) Does this sound familiar? There is an alternative!

Once you have installed the driver, you’ve also installed a tool called nvidia-installer . This tool is able to find the newest driver at nvidia.com and to downloads it itself via FTP. Just type the following:

nvidia-installer --update

Even if you save your driver persistently, if you installed a new X version and your old driver is out of date you have to get a new driver! So this trick simplifies the world a lot ;-)